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DRSSTC

Dual resonant solid state Tesla coil

articles

Dual resonant solid state Tesla coil

A DRSSTC tunes the primary as well as the secondary and drives it in bursts, so the current in the tank is measured in hundreds of amps while the average power stays modest. That trade is what makes the timing questions sharp: a switch that opens in the wrong part of the cycle turns the whole design into a heater.

tap any part

220 V ACRECTIFIERDC BUSFULLBRIDGEPRIMARYMMCCT PHASECT OCDSECONDARYTOPLOADBREAKOUTGDTDRIVER + LEADINTERRUPTERFEEDBACKOVERCURRENT
bridge

duty 3.60 %

Every part of the diagram answers for itself. Pick one.

Where the power comes in, what is made of it on the way, and what tells the bridge when to fire. Every part of it answers for itself: pick one.

Rectifier

  1. supplyin QCW

    The rectifier: which arrangement, and how to pick the diodes

    Diodes conduct in bursts on the tops of the sine wave, so the average forward current is the one number they never see. And a doubler's two sections do not divide the voltage between them.

    4 min readrectifier, doubler, diodes

DC bus

  1. start heresupplyin QCW

    The bus bank: sizing the reservoir

    A sagging bus eats the top of the ramp and looks exactly like a tuning problem. It is not one, and the reason to fit a doubler is not the voltage. It is the energy.

    7 min readbus, precharge, doubler
  2. start heresafety

    What will actually kill you

    Not the arc. The things on this page are at DC or mains frequency, they are inside the cabinet, and they do not announce themselves.

    3 min readsafety, bleeder, grounding

The bridge

  1. start herepower stage

    IGBT or MOSFET, and why SiC is not an upgrade here

    One choice that sets both the frequency you can run and how long the bridge lives. And SiC is not the automatic upgrade it looks like.

    4 min readIGBT, MOSFET, SiC
  2. start herehow it worksin SSTC

    What the bridge does

    Four transistors arranged so they can connect the primary across the supply one way round and then the other. Everything else exists to serve it.

    4 min readbridge, inverter, basics
  3. power stage

    The bridge: half or full, layout, and what kills it

    Peak temperature is not the mechanism. The size of the swing tears bond wires over thousands of cycles, a long way below anything on the datasheet.

    6 min readbridge, IGBT, layout
  4. tuning

    Dead time as a fraction of the period

    A setting that is sensible at 150 kHz eats a quarter of the period at 365. The same nanoseconds are a completely different setting.

    4 min readdead time, skin effect, measurement
  5. power stage

    Paralleling bridges: transformers or a split tank

    You cannot wire the outputs together. Something has to force them to share, and the two mechanisms that do are not equally safe.

    3 min readbridge, paralleling, transformers
  6. timing

    ZCS against ZVS: why switching at zero fails

    Turning off exactly at the current zero reads like the ideal and is the opposite. The residual current is what commutates the node, and late kills while early only heats.

    3 min readZVS, ZCS, dead time
  7. power stage

    Snubber capacitance, and the bet it makes on ZVS

    Win it and the energy returns to the tank for nothing. Lose it and half CV squared goes into the die every transition, which doubles the penalty for missing.

    3 min readsnubber, ZVS, MOSFET

Gate drive transformer

  1. start herehow it worksin SSTC

    What a gate transformer is for

    The top devices have their emitters on a node that swings by hundreds of volts. You cannot wire logic to that, so the signal goes across magnetically.

    37 min readGDT, gate drive, basics

Driver

  1. start herehow it works

    What the driver does

    Four jobs on one board. Without it the power section is a box of parts, and the frequency it has to find is not a number you can set once.

    3 min readdriver, feedback, basics
  2. driver design

    Phase lead: the delay chain and the ZVS floor

    A driver that fires on the current zero is already late. The lead is how you pay that back, and it is made of two things that are nothing like each other.

    2 min readZVS, phase lead, DRSSTC
  3. driver

    The UD boards: which revision you are holding

    The logic core did not change from 2.1 to 2.7, so modifications transfer between revisions. The part designators do not, and that is what wrecks a repair.

    4 min readUD2, UD3, driver, history
  4. timing

    Choosing a phase lead inductor

    A thin paper trail, three worries attached to it that turn out to be unfounded, and one failure that keeps happening. It is mechanical.

    5 min readphase lead, inductor, UD

Interrupter and modulator

  1. start herecontrol

    The interrupter: bangs per second, ontime and duty

    Bangs per second is the frequency of the note in hertz. There is no best rate, only a note, and two settings on this box kill transistors.

    5 min readinterrupter, MIDI, fibre
  2. safety

    The fibre link, and the fail-safe rule

    A broken fibre must turn the coil off. The receiver does not guarantee that by itself: with no light its output is undefined.

    3 min readfibre, fail-safe, interrupter

Current transformers

  1. start herehow it works

    What a current transformer is

    A ferrite ring on one of the thick conductors. It is how the driver finds out what the tank is doing, and it is the only sense the machine has.

    3 min readcurrent transformer, feedback, basics
  2. protection

    Overcurrent protection: OCD, pulse skip and why it fails

    Nothing limits the primary current in a doubly-resonant coil. Test the actual threshold rather than the position of the knob, and start it low.

    4 min readOCD, pulse skip, protection
  3. tuning

    Tuning by the shape of the current envelope

    The shape of the primary current across one bang tells you whether the coil is tuned. One capture, one answer, and almost nobody uses it.

    4 min readtuning, diagnosis, current
  4. instruments

    Scoping a coil without killing anything

    More equipment dies at the bench than in the arc. Never float the scope: it stays earthed and the isolation goes on the circuit under test.

    3 min readsafety, probes, measurement

Tank capacitor

  1. start heretank

    Sizing a tank capacitor by RMS current

    Voltage and pulse rating usually pass with room to spare. What kills a bank is RMS current, and smaller capacitors carry more of it per nanofarad.

    5 min readMMC, capacitors, DRSSTC
  2. tank

    Choosing tank impedance: current is expensive

    Everything that grows with current grows as its square. What high voltage on the tank costs is a rating you fix with series links for pennies.

    2 min readimpedance, MMC, tuning

Primary

  1. start herehow it works

    What the primary is for

    A few turns of heavy copper that are not connected to the secondary anywhere, and are not trying to be.

    3 min readprimary, coupling, basics
  2. tank design

    Coupling: what it buys, and why it is not length

    Wind the primary tighter and the arc gets longer. It is the first thing anybody tries, and the record holders run the loosest coupling on the list.

    5 min readcoupling, racing sparks, DRSSTC
  3. tank

    Primary design: impedance, turns and detuning

    Nobody sets the primary current. It comes out of a division, and the number you actually choose is the impedance of the tank.

    9 min readprimary, coupling, tuning
  4. tuning

    The two poles, and which one the driver lands on

    Couple a primary to a secondary and the resonance splits in two. The frequency you carefully measured is a mode that no longer exists.

    26 min readpoles, tuning, PLL

Secondary

  1. start herewindingin SSTC

    Winding and measuring a secondary

    Not a transformer winding that happens to be long. Almost everything that goes wrong with one goes wrong because it was wound as though turns were the point.

    5 min readsecondary, racing sparks, grounding
  2. failure

    What a ground strike does

    One event, five consequences, and the mild strike is the one that moves the machine to the wrong mode.

    8 min readstrike, poles, feedback

Topload

  1. start hereresonatorin SSTC

    What a topload does, and what it costs in volts

    Not an upgrade, a trade. You pay in volts, and volts are what make the arc long. Whether it is worth it depends entirely on how much your arc detunes you.

    5 min readtopload, breakout, tuning

Breakout point

  1. start herehow it works

    What a breakout point is for

    It looks like an afterthought and it is one of the few parts you can actually aim the discharge with. Short beats long, and it is a consumable.

    3 min readbreakout, topload, basics
  2. first run

    No sparks, or short ones: what to check and in what order

    The order to look in, and the order matters: the cheap checks are also the ones that are usually wrong, and none of the three classic causes is a tuning problem.

    5 min readdebugging, tuning, first run

The discharge

  1. start herearc physics

    How an arc actually grows: steps, branching, shape

    A spark propagates at metres per microsecond. A bang lasts three hundred of them. You get a metre and a half, not seven hundred, and that gap explains everything else.

    8 min readarc, streamer, branching

RF ground

  1. start herehow it worksin QCW

    What RF ground is, and what it is not

    The bottom of the secondary has to go somewhere, and it is not the wall socket. The ground is one side of the circuit, not a safety afterthought.

    3 min readgrounding, counterpoise, basics