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QCW

Quasi-continuous wave, a Tesla coil drive mode; the pieces filed here are written for a ramped DRSSTC

articles

Quasi-continuous wave

QCW ramps the supply rather than switching it on flat, so the arc grows instead of appearing and comes out straight and smooth rather than branching. It is a mode, not a topology. Usually it is put on a DRSSTC, where the tank is tuned and the timing has to be tracked the whole way up the climb; it is also put on a single resonant coil, where it goes by ramped SSTC or QCW SSTC. That one is the simpler machine and the easier place to start: no tank capacitor, so nothing stores a bang and nothing runs away, and the current in the bridge is only ever the current the bridge made. What it gives up is length, and a good deal of it: the part left out is most of what makes a DRSSTC's arc long. Loneoceans' ramped SSTC gets twelve inches off a five inch secondary; the QCW DRSSTC beside it gets seventy off five and a half. Nearly the same coil, and nearly six times the arc. Two machines rather than one machine twice, though: they differ in the bus and the bridge as well as in the tank, so read it as the gap between two real builds and not as what removing one capacitor costs. Either way the ramp costs the same thing, which is that nothing stays still: the frequency falls as the arc loads the secondary, the current climbs, and every timing figure that was a number on a flat burst becomes a curve across the ramp.

tap any part

220 V ACRECTIFIERDC BUSBUCKFULLBRIDGEPRIMARYMMCCT PHASECT OCDSECONDARYTOPLOADBREAKOUTGDTDRIVER + LEADRAMP + INT.FEEDBACKOVERCURRENTRAMP
bridge, coil

duty 5.00 %channels 1arc 80 cm

Every part of the diagram answers for itself. Pick one.

Where the power comes in, what is made of it on the way, and what tells the bridge when to fire. Every part of it answers for itself: pick one.

DC bus

  1. start heresafetyin DRSSTC

    DRSSTC safety: what in a Tesla coil will actually kill you

    Not the arc. The things on this page are at DC or mains frequency, they are inside the cabinet, and they do not announce themselves.

    9 min readsafety, bleeder, grounding
  2. start heresupplyin DRSSTC

    The DRSSTC bus capacitor bank: loop, ripple and the volts it sees

    The microfarads are arithmetic and take an afternoon. What ends a bank is the loop it sits in and the volts it actually sees.

    37 min readbus, capacitors, rectifier

Buck modulator

  1. start heremodulator

    The QCW buck modulator, and why it takes a whole converter

    Everything the department is named for happens inside one converter. Pulse skipping has been tried three times in public and nobody got a sword out of it.

    59 min readbuck, ramp, QCW
  2. modulator

    QCW buck choke, switching frequency and the gate supply

    Frequency looks like the cheapest way to a smooth ramp. It is not even the stronger one, and its second price is the gate supply: at 30 kHz on a split rail a two watt module is at or past its limit.

    27 min readbuck, inductor, QCW

The bridge

  1. start herepower stagein DRSSTC

    DRSSTC switches: IGBT, MOSFET or SiC, and what each one costs

    One choice that sets both the frequency you can run and how long the bridge lives. Three families, and what each of them makes you pay for elsewhere.

    20 min readIGBT, MOSFET, SiC
  2. power stagein DRSSTC

    The DRSSTC bridge: half or full, layout, paralleling, what kills it

    Peak temperature is not the mechanism. The size of the swing tears bond wires over thousands of cycles, a long way below anything on the datasheet.

    22 min readbridge, IGBT, layout

Gate drive transformer

  1. start herehow it worksin SSTC

    How to wind a GDT: the gate drive transformer in an SSTC

    The top devices have their emitters on a node that swings by hundreds of volts. You cannot wire logic to that, so the signal goes across magnetically.

    43 min readGDT, gate drive, basics

Driver

  1. start herehow it worksin DRSSTC

    What a DRSSTC driver does

    Four jobs on one board. Without it the power section is a box of parts, and the frequency it has to find is not a number you can set once.

    11 min readdriver, feedback, basics
  2. gate drive

    QCW gate supply for long bangs: amps and millifarads

    On a DRSSTC it is a detail. On a QCW it is amps of average current and millifarads of capacitance, and a factor of four here is a dead bridge.

    10 min readgate drive, supply, QCW
  3. control

    The QCW driver: what changes on it, and how to convert one

    What actually has to be touched and why, so that nobody has to work it out by removing components until something changes.

    24 min readdriver, UD, self-oscillation
  4. tuning

    How to tune a QCW DRSSTC as the frequency slides down the ramp

    A DRSSTC has a frequency. A QCW has a different one at every instant of the bang, and the four things timed against it do not move in the same direction.

    36 min readtuning, poles, QCW

Interrupter and modulator

  1. start heremodulator

    The shape of a QCW ramp, and what it should be

    The most underrated setting on a QCW. Tune for linearity in voltage and the square in power happens by itself; try to build a linear rise in power and you have a different curve.

    20 min readramp, branching, QCW

Current transformers

  1. start herehow it worksin DRSSTC

    What a DRSSTC current transformer is, and what it senses

    A ferrite ring on one of the thick conductors. It is how the driver finds out what the tank is doing, and it is the only sense the machine has.

    8 min readcurrent transformer, feedback, basics

Tank capacitor

  1. tank

    The QCW tank capacitor: chosen on impedance, not on frequency

    The smallest part in the machine and the one that sets its current. Chosen on impedance rather than on frequency, since the frequency alone pins neither value down, and then asked for its highest voltage at the end of the ramp, when it is hottest.

    12 min readmmc, impedance, QCW
  2. tankin DRSSTC

    The DRSSTC MMC is sized by current, not by capacitance

    The nanofarads are the resonance and take an afternoon. The number of capacitors is the ripple current, and it runs backwards from the instinct: fitting larger parts to be safe gives you a bank that carries less.

    23 min readmmc, ripple, datasheet

Primary

  1. start herehow it worksin DRSSTC

    What a DRSSTC primary is for

    A few turns of heavy copper that are not connected to the secondary anywhere, and are not trying to be.

    10 min readprimary, coupling, basics
  2. primary

    QCW primary design: the same part held fifty times longer

    The same part, sized by the same arithmetic, holding the current fifty times longer while the frequency walks out from under it. Three published machines, and only one of them wound like a DRSSTC's.

    15 min readprimary, ferrite, QCW

Secondary

  1. start herewindingin SSTC

    How to wind and measure a Tesla coil secondary for an SSTC

    Not a transformer winding that happens to be long. Almost everything that goes wrong with one goes wrong because it was wound as though turns were the point.

    25 min readsecondary, racing sparks, grounding

Topload

  1. start hereresonatorin SSTC

    What an SSTC topload does, what it costs, and what a QCW changes

    Not an upgrade, a trade. You pay in volts, and volts are what make the arc long. Whether it is worth it depends entirely on how much your arc detunes you.

    34 min readtopload, breakout, tuning

Breakout point

  1. start herehow it worksin DRSSTC

    What a DRSSTC breakout point is for

    It looks like an afterthought and it is one of the few parts you can actually aim the discharge with. Short beats long, and it is a consumable.

    7 min readbreakout, topload, basics

The discharge

  1. start herehow it works

    Why a QCW arc is straight and a DRSSTC's is not

    About ten times slower than a DRSSTC's, per cycle. The shape is not a different geometry, it is a different rate of charge delivery.

    22 min readarc, sword, basics
  2. open question

    Why a QCW arc bends: the community's open question

    Nobody knows. The straightness of a QCW arc depends on the room more than on the coil, and not one of the factors has ever been isolated.

    20 min readarc shape, environment, open question

RF ground

  1. start herehow it works

    Grounding a QCW: the counterpoise outside, three grounds inside

    The bottom of the secondary has to go somewhere, and it is not the wall socket. Outside the coil the ground is one side of the circuit; inside the driver it is three things that must not be joined.

    16 min readgrounding, counterpoise, isolation