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QCW

Quasi-continuous wave, a Tesla coil drive mode; the pieces filed here are written for a ramped DRSSTC

articles

Quasi-continuous wave

QCW ramps the supply rather than switching it on flat, so the arc grows instead of appearing and comes out straight and smooth rather than branching. It is a mode, not a topology. Usually it is put on a DRSSTC, where the tank is tuned and the timing has to be tracked the whole way up the climb; it is also put on a single resonant coil, where it goes by ramped SSTC or QCW SSTC. That one is the simpler machine and the easier place to start: no tank capacitor, so nothing stores a bang and nothing runs away, and the current in the bridge is only ever the current the bridge made. What it gives up is length, and a good deal of it: the part left out is most of what makes a DRSSTC's arc long. Loneoceans' ramped SSTC gets twelve inches off a five inch secondary; the QCW DRSSTC beside it gets seventy off five and a half. Nearly the same coil, and nearly six times the arc. Two machines rather than one machine twice, though: they differ in the bus and the bridge as well as in the tank, so read it as the gap between two real builds and not as what removing one capacitor costs. Either way the ramp costs the same thing, which is that nothing stays still: the frequency falls as the arc loads the secondary, the current climbs, and every timing figure that was a number on a flat burst becomes a curve across the ramp.

tap any part

220 V ACRECTIFIERDC BUSBUCKFULLBRIDGEPRIMARYMMCCT PHASECT OCDSECONDARYTOPLOADBREAKOUTGDTDRIVER + LEADRAMP + INT.FEEDBACKOVERCURRENTRAMP
bridge, coil

duty 5.00 %channels 1arc 80 cm

Every part of the diagram answers for itself. Pick one.

Where the power comes in, what is made of it on the way, and what tells the bridge when to fire. Every part of it answers for itself: pick one.

Rectifier

  1. supply

    The rectifier: which arrangement, and how to pick the diodes

    Diodes conduct in bursts on the tops of the sine wave, so the average forward current is the one number they never see. And a doubler's two sections do not divide the voltage between them.

    4 min readrectifier, doubler, diodes

DC bus

  1. start heresupply

    The bus bank: sizing the reservoir

    A sagging bus eats the top of the ramp and looks exactly like a tuning problem. It is not one, and the reason to fit a doubler is not the voltage. It is the energy.

    7 min readbus, precharge, doubler
  2. start heresafetyin DRSSTC

    What will actually kill you

    Not the arc. The things on this page are at DC or mains frequency, they are inside the cabinet, and they do not announce themselves.

    3 min readsafety, bleeder, grounding
  3. supply

    A high bus with a low bridge, and where it breaks

    The bridge is fed from the buck, not the bank, so it never sees the bus. That opens a trick, and the place it breaks has to be read before it is used.

    4 min readdoubler, bus, margin

Buck modulator

  1. start heremodulator

    The buck modulator, and why a whole converter

    Everything the department is named for happens inside one converter. Pulse skipping has been tried three times in public and nobody got a sword out of it.

    5 min readbuck, ramp, QCW
  2. modulator

    Buck choke, switching frequency and the gate supply

    Frequency looks like the cheapest way to a smooth ramp. Its second price is the gate supply, and at 30 kHz a two watt module is already past its limit.

    10 min readbuck, inductor, QCW

The bridge

  1. start herepower stagein DRSSTC

    IGBT or MOSFET, and why SiC is not an upgrade here

    One choice that sets both the frequency you can run and how long the bridge lives. And SiC is not the automatic upgrade it looks like.

    4 min readIGBT, MOSFET, SiC
  2. start herehow it worksin SSTC

    What the bridge does

    Four transistors arranged so they can connect the primary across the supply one way round and then the other. Everything else exists to serve it.

    4 min readbridge, inverter, basics
  3. tuningin DRSSTC

    Dead time as a fraction of the period

    A setting that is sensible at 150 kHz eats a quarter of the period at 365. The same nanoseconds are a completely different setting.

    4 min readdead time, skin effect, measurement

Gate drive transformer

  1. start herehow it worksin SSTC

    What a gate transformer is for

    The top devices have their emitters on a node that swings by hundreds of volts. You cannot wire logic to that, so the signal goes across magnetically.

    37 min readGDT, gate drive, basics
  2. gate drive

    Gate supply for long bangs: amps and millifarads

    On a DRSSTC it is a detail. On a QCW it is amps of average current and millifarads of capacitance, and a factor of four here is a dead bridge.

    4 min readgate drive, supply, QCW

Driver

  1. start herehow it works

    The driver on a QCW

    The same four jobs as on any coil. Each of them changes here, and one of them turns into something else entirely.

    4 min readdriver, poles, basics
  2. control

    Converting a DRSSTC driver to run a ramp

    What actually has to be touched and why, so that nobody has to work it out by removing components until something changes.

    7 min readdriver, UD, self-oscillation
  3. tuning

    The frequency slides, and four things follow it

    A DRSSTC has a frequency. A QCW has a different one at every instant of the bang, and the four things timed against it do not move in the same direction.

    23 min readtuning, poles, QCW

Interrupter and modulator

  1. start heremodulator

    The shape of the ramp, and what it should be

    The most underrated setting on a QCW. Tune for linearity in voltage and the square in power happens by itself; try to build a linear rise in power and you have a different curve.

    5 min readramp, branching, QCW
  2. modulator

    The ramp exponent: the curve is a hump

    It is not one axis with a good end and a bad end. It is a hump, and both ends branch for opposite reasons.

    4 min readramp, branching, OCD

Current transformers

  1. start herehow it worksin DRSSTC

    What a current transformer is

    A ferrite ring on one of the thick conductors. It is how the driver finds out what the tank is doing, and it is the only sense the machine has.

    3 min readcurrent transformer, feedback, basics

Primary

  1. start herehow it worksin DRSSTC

    What the primary is for

    A few turns of heavy copper that are not connected to the secondary anywhere, and are not trying to be.

    3 min readprimary, coupling, basics

Secondary

  1. start herewindingin SSTC

    Winding and measuring a secondary

    Not a transformer winding that happens to be long. Almost everything that goes wrong with one goes wrong because it was wound as though turns were the point.

    5 min readsecondary, racing sparks, grounding

Topload

  1. start herehow it works

    The topload on a QCW

    It does three jobs, and here the second one matters so much more than the others that the department ends up doing the opposite of everyone else.

    3 min readtopload, detuning, basics
  2. resonator

    Why a QCW adds capacitance instead of removing it

    Every other coil treats topload capacitance as a cost. This one goes the other way, and putting a bigger toroid on is a three-dimensional move, not a one-dimensional one.

    4 min readtopload, detuning, QCW

Breakout point

  1. start herehow it worksin DRSSTC

    What a breakout point is for

    It looks like an afterthought and it is one of the few parts you can actually aim the discharge with. Short beats long, and it is a consumable.

    3 min readbreakout, topload, basics

The discharge

  1. start herehow it works

    What a QCW arc is, and why it is straight

    A hundred and twenty five times slower than a DRSSTC's, per cycle. The shape is not a different geometry, it is a different rate of charge delivery.

    3 min readarc, sword, basics
  2. open question

    Why the sword bends: the community's open question

    Nobody knows. The straightness of a QCW arc depends on the room more than on the coil, and not one of the factors has ever been isolated.

    5 min readarc shape, environment, open question
  3. scaling

    What more power buys: the exponent is a third

    The question before every upgrade, and the linear guess overshoots by a factor of three. Four sources, none of them above an exponent of one.

    4 min readscaling, power, ramp

RF ground

  1. start herehow it works

    What RF ground is, and what it is not

    The bottom of the secondary has to go somewhere, and it is not the wall socket. The ground is one side of the circuit, not a safety afterthought.

    3 min readgrounding, counterpoise, basics
  2. layout

    Grounding a QCW: three grounds and a shorted turn

    The subject that kills more QCW drivers than any other, and almost all of it is about not connecting two things that look like they should be connected.

    3 min readgrounding, layout, isolation